Relatos de madres de desaparecidos: voces desde el colectivo / Stories of mothers of the disappeared: voices from the collective

La desaparición forzada en el país es alarmante, sobre todo de jóvenes de 15 a 29 años. Este evento rompe el lazo social y deja a las madres en estado traumático. El propósito de esta investigación fue triangularlas narrativas de desaparición, denuncia e integración de las madres al colectivo. Los resultados muestran que la vivencia de desaparición y el proceso de denuncia son tramas de degradación, donde las madres quedan revictimizadas, dado el maltrato de servidores públicos; mientras que, la integración a un colectivo hace de ideal reparatorio, pues confraternizan las madres en su dolor y resistencia en la búsqueda. Se concluye invitando a los psicólogos a buscar modos de elaboración acordes a la vivencia de trauma social AU

The enforced disappearance in this country is alarming, especially for young people between 15 and 29 years old. This event breaks the social bond and leaves mothers in a traumatic state. The purpose of this research is to triangulate the narratives of disappearance, filling in reportsand integration of the mothers into the collective. The results show that the experience of disappearance and the reporting processesare degrading,where the mothers are re-victimized, given the mistreatment of public servants. Beingthe integration to a collective a reparatory ideal, because the mothers fraternize in their pain and resistance in the searching. It concludes by inviting psychologists to seek ways of elaboration according to the experience of social trauma AU

Validación cognitiva de un protocolo instruccional de reexperimentación emocional en adultos víctimas de violencia política en Colombia / Cognitive validation of an instructional protocol for emotional disclosure in adult victims of political violence in Colombia

Resumen La re experimentación emocional (RE) permite dar sentido a hechos traumáticos o estresantes mediante un proceso dirigido por instrucciones verbales o escritas, y por ello puede generar beneficios en el bienestar psicológico y la salud física autoinformada. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la comprensión de tres tipos de instrucciones experimentales (RE tradicional, RE con claves de aceptación y compromiso, y RE psicosocial) y una instrucción para el grupo control (RE trivial), mediante técnicas de validación cognitiva (pruebas centradas en el significado y verbalización de pensamiento) en personas expuestas a hechos de violencia política en Colombia. Para ello, se desarrolló un estudio de tipo cualitativo con corte instrumental, en el que se entrevistó a 42 colombianos víctimas de violencia política, en su mayoría mujeres, elegidos con un muestro por conveniencia. Las entrevistas fueron transcritas y codificadas mediante un análisis categorial mixto que tomó como referente procedimientos del Movimiento de Aspectos Cognitivos de la Metodología de Encuestas. Como resultado, los participantes comprendieron de manera diferencial las instrucciones dadas en cada protocolo, enfocándose en aspectos como el contexto sociopolítico en el caso del protocolo psicosocial, y en respuestas asociadas a la aceptación en el protocolo con claves de aceptación y compromiso. Se identificaron dificultades en la comprensión de algunas secciones de los protocolos, las cuales fueron ajustadas. Finalmente, se enfatiza la importancia de implementar técnicas de validación cognitiva para verificar la comprensión de instrucciones, protocolos o instrumentos, dado que el desempeño de los participantes y la calidad de las medidas de las intervenciones pueden verse afectados por la comprensión e interpretación de las instrucciones propuestas.

Abstract Emotional disclosure (ED) allows making sense of traumatic or stressful events through a process guided by verbal or written instructions, and thus may generate benefits in psychological well-being and self-reported physical health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the understanding of three types of experimental instructions (traditional ED, ED with acceptance and commitment cues, and psychosocial ED) and one instruction for the control group (trivial ED), trough cognitive validation techniques (tests focused on meaning and verbalización of thought), in people exposed to events of political violence in Colombia. For this purpose, a qualitative study with an instrumental approach was developed, in which 42 Colombian victims of political violence, mostly women, were interviewed, chosen through convenience sampling. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed by means of a mixed categorical analysis that used as a reference procedures from the Cognitive Aspects of the Survey Methodology Movement. As a result, participants differentially understood the instructions given in each protocol, focusing on aspects such as the sociopolitical context in the case of the psychosocial protocol, and on responses associated with acceptance in the protocol with acceptance and commitment cues. Difficulties were identified in the understanding of some sections of the protocols, which were adjusted. Finally, the importance of implementing cognitive validation techniques to verify the understanding of instructions, protocols or instruments is emphasized, given that the performance of the participant and the quality of the measures of the experiments may be affected by the understanding and interpretation of the proposed instructions.

Efectos psicosociales de la desaparición forzada de jóvenes en Latinoamérica: una tarea pendiente* / Psychosocial effects of the forced disappearances of young people in Latin America: A pending task / Efeitos psicossociais do desaparecimento forçado de jovens na América Latina: Tarefa pendente

Resumen (analítico) Este artículo realiza una revisión del concepto de trauma psicosocial desde los fenómenos de violencia política en Latinoamérica y, en concreto, sobre la desaparición forzada de jóvenes en Colombia. Desde este análisis teórico-contextual, se plantea cuáles han sido las afectaciones personales, familiares y colectivas (atributos del trauma psicosocial) que este fenómeno de la desaparición forzada ha generado en el tejido social colombiano. A manera de reflexión final, las autoras proponen la necesidad de repensar las afectaciones psicosociales que han sido estudiadas de manera general, a partir de los daños a la sociedad representados en el hecho de desaparecer específicamente jóvenes y las implicaciones que esto ha tenido para el entramado social.

Abstract (analytical) This article reviews the concept of psychosocial trauma based on the phenomena of political violence in Latin America and specifically the forced disappearance of young people in Colombia. Based on this theoretical-contextual analysis, the study identifies that this phenomenon of forced disappearance has generated personal, family and collective affectations - involving attributes of psychosocial trauma - in the Colombian social fabric. As a final reflection, the authors propose the need to rethink the psychosocial effects of the damage to society caused by this violence, represented in the fact that young people have been forcibly disappeared and the implications that this has had for the social fabric.

Resumo (analítico) Este artigo revisa o conceito de trauma psicossocial a partir dos fenômenos de violência política na América Latina e, especificamente, do desaparecimento forçado de jovens na Colômbia. A partir desta análise teórico-contextual, considerase quais foram as consequências pessoais, familiares e coletivas -atributos do trauma psicossocial- que este fenômeno de desaparecimento forçado tem gerado no tecido social colombiano. Como reflexão final, os autores propõem a necessidade de se repensar os efeitos psicossociais que vêm sendo estudados de forma geral, a partir dos prejuízos à sociedade representados pelo desaparecimento específico dos jovens e das implicações que isso teve para a rede social.

Violência estrutural e marcas ditatoriais: análise psicossocial a partir de narrativas periféricas / Structural violence and dictatorial marks: psychosocial analysis from peripheral narratives / Violencia estructural y huellas dictatoriales: análisis psicosocial desde narrativas periféricas

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a permanência de marcas ditatoriais pós-transição democrática no Brasil a partir de narrativas obtidas em dois estudos psicossociais realizados em Heliópolis - periferia urbana da cidade São Paulo. O primeiro focou a construção e elaboração das memórias de violências do/no Estado de nove jovens moradores, enquanto o segundo reconstruiu as memórias sobre as violações aos direitos humanos de um grupo de mães de adolescentes em medida socioeducativa e de técnicos dos serviços que os acompanham. A partir dos conceitos de violência, trauma psicossocial e memória histórica de Ignacio Martín-Baró, apresenta-se uma análise da persistência das marcas ditatoriais na sociedade brasileira, que atingem, sobretudo, a população jovem negra e periférica sob a forma do genocídio, exclusão, suspeita e violência sistemática dos agentes de Estado.

This article aims to analyze the permanence of dictatorial marks after the democratic transition in Brazil from narratives obtained in two psychosocial studies carried out in Heliópolis - urban outskirts of the city of São Paulo. The first focused on the construction and elaboration of the memories of State violence of nine young residents, while the second reconstructed the memories about the human rights violations of a group of adolescent's mothers in correctional measures and technicians from the services that accompany them. Based on the concepts of violence, psychosocial trauma and historical memory rescued from Ignacio Martín-Baró, an analysis of the persistence of dictatorial marks in Brazilian society is presented, which mainly affects the young black and peripheral population in the form of genocide, exclusion, suspicion and systematic violence by State agents.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la permanencia de huellas dictatoriales después de la transición democrática en Brasil desde las narrativas obtenidas en dos estudios psicosociales realizados en Heliópolis - periferia urbana de la ciudad de São Paulo. El primero se centró en la construcción y elaboración de los recuerdos de violencia en / del Estado de nueve jóvenes residentes, mientras que el segundo reconstruyó los recuerdos sobre las violaciones de los derechos humanos de un grupo de madres de adolescentes que cumplen medidas socioeducativas y técnicos de los servicios que los acompañan. Desde los conceptos de violencia, trauma psicosocial y memoria histórica de Ignacio Martín-Baró, se presenta un análisis de la persistencia de huellas dictatoriales en la sociedad brasileña que afecta, sobre todo, a la población joven negra y periférica en la forma de genocidio, exclusión, sospecha y violencia sistemática por parte de agentes estatales.

Diseño y análisis psicométrico del Instrumento de Evaluación de Trauma Psicosocial / Design and psychometric analysis of the Psychosocial Trauma Assessment Instrument

Resumen Introducción: Se diseñó y validó un instrumento de evaluación de trauma psicosocial en víctimas de desplazamiento forzado asociado al conflicto armado en Colombia, denominado TPS-6. Método: el estudio fue instrumental. El plan de prueba, los ítems y la escala de valoración fueron evaluados por siete expertos, con quienes se realizó la validez de contenido. El instrumento se aplicó a 200 personas, víctimas y no víctimas. El ajuste de los ítems se analizó con el modelo de Rasch de la teoría de respuesta al ítem. Para obtener la evidencia de validez de constructo se realizó el análisis factorial exploratorio. La validez convergente se comprobó a través del análisis correlacional con la Escala Diagnóstica de Estrés Postraumático y las Escalas de Afecto Positivo y Negativo. La fiabilidad del instrumento fue hallada a través de los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach y omega. Resultados: teniendo en cuenta los análisis psicométricos realizados, la prueba quedó con 26 ítems que conforman seis factores. La prueba cumple con los requerimientos psicométricos para evaluar trauma psicosocial. Conclusiones: este instrumento es un aporte para la evaluación forense del daño psicosocial.

Abstract Introduction: An instrument for evaluating psychosocial trauma in victims of forced displacement associated with the armed conflict in Colombia was designed and validated, named TPS-6. Method: The study was instrumental, the test plan, the items and the assessment scale were evaluated by seven experts, with whom the content validity was performed. The instrument was applied to 200 people, victims and non-victims. The adjustment of the items was analyzed with the Rasch model of the item response theory. To obtain the evidence of construct validity, the exploratory factor analysis was performed. The convergent validity was verified through the correlational analysis with the Diagnostic Scale of Post-traumatic Stress and the Scales of Positive and Negative Affect (PANAS). The reliability of the instrument was found through Cronbach's alpha and omega coefficients. Results: Taking into account the psychometric analyzes carried out, the test was left with 26 items that make up six factors and, the test meets the psychometric requirements to evaluate psychosocial trauma. Conclusions: This instrument is a contribution for the forensic evaluation of psychosocial damage.

The relationship between psychosocial trauma type and conversion (functional neurological) disorder symptoms: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Psychosocial trauma was associated with developing conversion disorder (also known as functional neurological disorder) before Freud, though why a particular symptom should arise is unknown. We aimed to determine if there was a relationship between trauma type and symptom. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients attending Australia's first functional neurology clinic, including referral, clinic letters and a clinic questionnaire. RESULTS: There were 106 females, 43 males and five transgender patients. Sensory (51%), motor (47%) and seizures (39%) were the commonest functional symptoms. Most patients (92%) reported stressors associated with symptom onset. Multiple trauma/symptom type associations were found: patients with in-law problems experienced more cognitive symptoms (p = .036), for example, while expressive speech problems more commonly followed relationship difficulties (p = .021). CONCLUSION: Associations were found between type of traumatic events and type of symptoms in conversion disorder. This will require verification in a larger sample.

A Proposal for Evaluating Psychosocial Trauma / El Trauma Psicosocial: una Propuesta Para su Evaluación

Background: The objective of the study was to design and validate the Psychosocial Trauma Scale (ETAPS) for assessing psychosocial consequences of collective violence. This instrument proposed the following dimensions: Pre-traumatic Situation, Destruction of Fundamental Beliefs, Intergroup Emotions, and Family and Community Destruction. Method: A total of 382 people participated who had been affected by political violence: civil war in El Salvador, forced displacement from Colombia and state violence from Chile. The study had three phases: (1) content validity of the items evaluated by experts; (2) exploratory factor analysis to study the structure of ETAPS, reducing the number of items; (3) convergent (post-traumatic stress symptomatology) and divergent (psychological and social well-being) validity. Results: The EFA showed that ETAPS had a slightly different internal structure from that proposed. The dimensions found were Pre-traumatic Situation and Intergroup Emotions along with two new emerging dimensions: Destruction of Sociality and Personal and Collective Self-Efficacy. Divergent and convergent validity gave expected results except for the pre-traumatic situation. Conclusions: The ETAPS dimensions show that the effects of violence are broader than the symptoms measured by clinical scales. An instrument with adequate psychometric properties was obtained which will be useful for future studies in the area. (AU)

Antecedentes: el objetivo del estudio fue el diseño y validación de la Escala de Trauma Psicosocial (ETAPS) para evaluar consecuencias psicosociales de la violencia colectiva. Este instrumento propuso las dimensiones: Situación Pre-traumática, Destrucción de Creencias Fundamentales, Emociones Intergrupales, y Destrucción Familiar y Comunitaria. Método: participaron 382 personas afectadas por violencia política: guerra civil en El Salvador, desplazamiento forzado de Colombia y violencia estatal de Chile. El estudio contempló tres fases: (1) validez de contenido de los ítems evaluado por expertos; (2) análisis factorial exploratorio para estudiar la estructura de ETAPS, reduciendo el número de ítems; (3) validez convergente (sintomatología de estrés postraumático) y divergente (bienestar psicológico y social). Resultados: el AFE mostró que la ETAPS tenía una estructura interna que difería parcialmente de la propuesta. Las dimensiones encontradas fueron: Situación Pre-traumática y Emociones Intergrupales, junto con dos nuevas dimensiones: Destrucción de la socialidad y Autoeficacia personal y colectiva. La validez divergente y convergente muestra resultados esperados salvo respecto a la situación pretraumática. Conclusiones: las dimensiones de ETAPS plantean que los efectos de la violencia son más amplios que los síntomas medidos por escalas clínicas. Se obtuvo un instrumento con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas útil para futuros estudios en el área. (AU)

Moderating Effect of the Situation of Return or Relocation on the Well-Being and Psychosocial Trauma of Young Victims of the Armed Conflict in Colombia.

Colombia is the second country with the highest number of internally displaced persons. In the last 10 years, more than 400,000 young people carry, in their life experiences, the title of victims. The psychological and social circumstances that determine the lives of displaced young people in the world are not unknown. Fear, the poor resources for social adaptation available to them, and the possible reproduction of the cycle of violence, represent psychosocial risk factors in the young and displaced population. In this context, the Victims Law in Colombia stipulated various measures of repairment, including Relocation (the person or household victim of forced displacement decides to settle in some place, other than the one they were forced to leave) and Return (the person or the household victim of forced displacement decides to return to the place from which they were displaced, in order to settle indefinitely) provided the conditions of voluntariness, security, and dignity are present. A hypothesis that well-being will be better in the returnees was set, since they would strengthen the social support networks between neighbors and other victims in their old spaces of life. To test the hypothesis, the scales of Psychological Well-being, Social Well-being, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Psychosocial Trauma Scale were applied to young returnees (n = 129) and relocated (n = 259) in Colombia. The Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed to extract the general measure of well-being and psychosocial trauma followed by the comparison between the groups. Significance, power, and effect size indicators were obtained, and finally, the partial correlation between the groups was made in relation to psychosocial trauma and well-being. Results showed that returnees have greater well-being and clearer indicators (d = 0.365, 1-ß = 0.996), with respect to that of relocated. In addition, the well-being of returnees has fewer trauma factors, who in turn are quasi-moderated by the situation of return or relocation.

Sensory contact to the stressor prevents recovery from structural and functional heart damage following psychosocial trauma.

Cardiovascular disorders (CVD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Chronic psychosocial stress was induced in male mice by chronic subordinate colony housing (CSC), a pre-clinically validated mouse model for PTSD. Cardiac structure and function were assessed on day 20 of the CSC paradigm. Following CSC, mice were kept in different sensory contact modalities to the last aggressor for 30 days, and development of cardiac function and behavioral aspects were determined. Here we show that psychosocial trauma affects heart structure by disturbing cell-to-cell integrity of cardiomyocytes, causes tachycardia, disturbance of diurnal heart rate rhythmicity and behavioral deficits in a mouse model for PTSD. Structural and functional alterations were also found in cardiomyocytes upon in vitro treatment with pro-inflammatory cytokines typically increased after psychosocial trauma. Interestingly, sensory contact to the aggressor subsequent to psychosocial trauma prohibits functional and structural heart recovery, while isolation was beneficial for cardiac but detrimental for mental health. These findings contribute to our understanding of potential mechanisms underlying the high comorbidity of CVD and PTSD.

Retos de la psicología en la construcción de paz en Colombia: ¿fatalismo o ingenuidad? / Challenges for Psychology in Peace Building in Colombia: ¿Fatalism or Naivety? / Retos da Psicologia na construção de paz na Colômbia: fatalismo ou ingenuidade?

El artículo se propone reflexionar acerca del papel de la psicología en un escenario posacuerdo derivado de las negociaciones con las guerrillas en Colombia. Para ello se tienen en cuenta las condiciones teóricas provenientes de una visión de la guerra y el conflicto, que son analizadas considerando los escenarios epistemológico, teórico, profesional y metodológico. Se concluye con el análisis de la situación del posacuerdo, a partir de seis categorías desde la psicología social, que el trabajo que haga la psicología o bien puede ratificar el fatalismo de la experiencia de la guerra o proponer escenarios generativos para la consolidación de la convivencia en Colombia.

The article aims to analyze the role of psychology in a post agreement scenario resulting from the negotiations between the guerrillas and the Colombian government. Theoretical conditions stemming from war and conflict comprehension have been taken into account, and were analyzed from epistemological, theoretical, professional and methodological scenarios. The analysis demonstrated that the post agreement situation may be addressed from six categories of social psychology. The work of psychology in post agreement conditions can validate the fatalism of the experience of war or propose generative conditions for the consolidation of peaceful coexistence in Colombia.

O artigo se propõe reflexionar sobre o papel da Psicologia num cenário post-acordo derivado das negociações com as guerrilhas na Colômbia. Para isto, se levam em conta as condições teóricas que são derivadas de uma visão da guerra e o conflito, que são analisadas a partir dos cenários epistemológico, teórico, profissional e metodológico. Com a análise se conclui que a situação do post acordo pode ser feita a partir de seis categorias desde a psicologia social. O trabalho que faz a psicologia pode ratificar o fatalismo da experiência da guerra ou propor cenários generativos para a consolidação da convivência na Colômbia.

Transmisión y apropiación de la historia de prisión política: transgeneracionalidad del trauma psicosocial en nietos de ex presos políticos de la dictadura militar chilena / Transmission and appropriation of political imprisonment stories: the transgenerational nature of psychosocial trauma in grandchildren of former political prisoners of the Chilean military dictatorship

Se presentan resultados de un estudio que abordó la transmisión transgeneracional del trauma psicosocial en la tercera generación de víctimas de la dictadura militar chilena. Participaron 14 jóvenes, nietos de ex presos políticos, de 21.4 años de edad en promedio, provenientes de las regiones Metropolitana y de La Araucanía. Mediante el uso de relatos de vida, se les solicitó contar su historia como nieto de una persona víctima de prisión política. Los resultados permiten distinguir un proceso narrativo que, desde ciertas etapas, va articulando la historia de vida de los nietos, inscribiéndola en una lógica de transmisión y apropiación transgeneracional del trauma psicosocial asociada a la historia y memoria familiar respecto a la experiencia traumática, persistiendo en sus familias una dinámica de evitación y de silencio en torno a la experiencia de tortura, la que determina las particularidades de la relación de los nietos con esta experiencia traumática.

The article presents the results of a study on the transgenerational transmission of psychosocial trauma in the third generation of victims of the Chilean military dictatorship. The participants were 14 young people, grandchildren of former political prisoners, aged 21.4 on average, living in the Metropolitan and Araucanía regions. They were asked to use life stories to share their experiences as grandchildren of victims of political imprisonment. The results reveal a narrative process, which, beginning at certain stages, articulates the life stories of grandchildren framing it in a logic of transmission and transgenerational appropriation of the psychosocial trauma associated with the family's history and memory about the traumatic experience. Families remain engaged in a dynamic of avoidance and silence regarding the experience of torture, which determines the characteristics of the relationship of grandchildren with this traumatic experience.